Hydrogen technologies and Power-to-X: State of the art and multicriteria evaluation

Power-to-X become a broad concept that describes a range of technologies aiming to convert “Power” (electrical power regardless of the source) into other forms of energy or e-fuels, i.e. "X". This innovative concept plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges of renewable energy integration, energy storage, and the decarburization of various sectors. A key aspect of Power-to-X is water electrolysis. The produced hydrogen can then be further used in different ways. Hydrogen can be directly used as a clean fuel for transportation, industrial processes, or power generation. Alternatively, hydrogen and carbon dioxide through various processes can be converted to e-fuels, including methane or liquid hydrocarbons. The versatility of Power-to-X technologies positions them as potential game-changers in the efforts to create a sustainable energy sector. They not only contribute to energy storage and grid stability but also offer avenues for reducing carbon emissions in sectors that are traditionally hard to electrify. As the global community intensifies its focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, Power-to-X emerges as a promising tool in the transition towards a more resilient, low-carbon future.